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Knowledge Check: Endocrine System
Question :
77-year-old female was brought to the clinic by her daughter who stated that her mother had become slightly confused over the past several days. She had been stumbling at home and had fallen twice but was able to walk with some difficulty. She had no other obvious problems and had been eating and drinking. The daughter became concerned when she forgot her daughter’s name, so she thought she better bring her to the clinic.
Knowledge Check: Endocrine System
Introduction
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The endocrine system is a complex system of glands that produce hormones, which are chemical messengers that regulate many of the body’s functions.
This article will discuss four common endocrine disorders: Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH), type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and hypothyroidism.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
What is SIADH?
SIADH is a condition that is characterized by an unregulated release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is a hormone that causes the kidneys to retain water, which can lead to fluid overload and hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels).
What are the causes of SIADH?
The most common cause of SIADH is the use of certain medications, such as metformin. Other causes include brain tumors, lung cancer, and certain infections.
What are the symptoms of SIADH?
The symptoms of SIADH can include:
- Headache
- Confusion
- Seizures
- Drowsiness
- Muscle weakness
- Nausea and vomiting
- Decreased urination
How is SIADH diagnosed?
SIADH is diagnosed by measuring the levels of ADH and sodium in the blood.
How is SIADH treated?
The treatment for SIADH depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, the condition may go away on its own. In other cases, treatment may involve medications or fluid restriction.
Type 1 Diabetes
What is type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that causes the body to attack the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy. Without insulin, glucose builds up in the blood, which can lead to serious health problems.
What are the causes of type 1 diabetes?
The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. However, it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
The symptoms of type 1 diabetes can appear suddenly and can include:
- Increased thirst
- Increased urination
- Extreme hunger
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Blurred vision
- Irritability
How is type 1 diabetes diagnosed?
Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed by measuring the levels of glucose and insulin in the blood.
How is type 1 diabetes treated?
Type 1 diabetes is treated with insulin therapy. Insulin is injected into the body several times a day. Other treatments for type 1 diabetes may include diet, exercise, and blood sugar monitoring.
Type 2 Diabetes
What is type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how the body metabolizes glucose. In people with type 2 diabetes, the body either does not produce enough insulin or the cells do not respond to insulin properly. This can lead to high blood sugar levels, which can cause serious health problems.
What are the causes of type 2 diabetes?
The risk factors for type 2 diabetes include obesity, family history, and age.
What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes?
The symptoms of type 2 diabetes can be mild or absent, especially in the early stages. Some people with type 2 diabetes may not experience any symptoms at all. However, as the condition progresses, symptoms may include:
- Increased thirst
- Increased urination
- Extreme hunger
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Blurred vision
- Irritability
How is type 2 diabetes diagnosed?
Type 2 diabetes is diagnosed by measuring the levels of glucose and insulin in the blood.
How is type 2 diabetes treated?
Type 2 diabetes can be treated with lifestyle changes, medication, or a combination of both. Lifestyle changes that can help manage type 2 diabetes include:
- Losing weight
- Eating a healthy diet
- Exercising regularly
Medications that can be used to treat type 2 diabetes include:
- Metformin
- Sulfonylureas
- Thiazolidinediones
- Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors
- Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists
Hypothyroidism
What is hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism is a condition that occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough